Insect Repellent

Yes. Lemon eucalyptus oil (PMD, p-Menthane-3,8-diol) is the most effective plant-based active against NZ sandflies and has research support comparable to low concentrations of DEET. Citronella provides shorter protection of approximately 20 to 30 minutes and requires frequent reapplication. In high-sandfly environments like Fiordland, reapply any repellent every one to two hours.

DEET is moderately toxic to aquatic organisms and has been detected in NZ waterways. It is also absorbed through skin. For most NZ conditions, lemon eucalyptus oil (PMD) is an effective alternative with a lower environmental and toxicological profile. PMD-based repellents are recommended by some health authorities as the most effective natural alternative to DEET.

Natural repellents typically need reapplying every one to two hours, more frequently in hot or humid conditions or after sweating. DEET-based repellents last longer (two to six hours depending on concentration). For casual outdoor use in NZ, one to two hourly reapplication of a natural repellent is practical and effective.

Natural insect repellents using lemon eucalyptus oil are not recommended for children under 3 years of age. Citronella-based repellents are generally considered safe for children over 2. For babies and young toddlers, physical protection (nets, clothing, shade) is preferable to any topical repellent. Always check age recommendations on specific products before use on children.

The most effective plant-based insect repellent ingredients are lemon eucalyptus oil (PMD), which is comparable to low DEET for mosquitoes and sandflies; citronella oil, which provides shorter-duration protection; neem oil, which is effective against mosquitoes and some biting insects; and peppermint oil, which deters some insects but is less effective than PMD.